UV-visible spectrophotometer (Agilent Cary – 3500, Cary - 60), FTIR (Thermo Scientific NICOLET iS5), MP-AES (Agilent -4200), Refrigerated centrifuge (REMI- C-24 Plus), Thermogravimetric analyzer (HITACHI-TG/DTA-STA7200), pH meter (Eutech pH 700), Hot air vacuum oven (DAIHAN), Tubular furnace (Ants, TEMPSENS TF-T-1200), X-ray diffraction spectrometer (Bruker D8 Advance), Orbital shaker incubator (Scientech-SE 363), Fume hood (Kewaunee), Ultrasonic cleaner (aczel), Origin 2021, Microsoft Office 2019, EndNote 20 referencing software, CasaXPS (Version 2.3.25PR1.0), Quantachrome Autosorb iQ surface area analyzer software (Version 5.21), Micromeritics Flex surface area analyzer software (Version 6.02), BELMaster surface area analyzer software (MicrotracBEL Corp.), ChemDraw (Version 22.0.0.22), VOSviewer version 1.6.20 (analyzing bibliometric networks), XPS, SEM-EDAX, BET surface area, TGA-DTG, RAMAN, FTIR, CHNS/O elemental analysis, XRD, Particle density, Bulk Density